kamniroИсследования водных биологических ресурсов Камчатки и северо-западной части Тихого океанаThe researches of the aquatic biological resources of Kamchatka and the North-West Part of the Pacific Ocean2072-82122782-6236«КамчатНИРО»10.15853/2072-8212.2019.54.58-73kamniro-86Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ НАУЧНЫЕ СТАТЬИFULL ARTICLESЛАРГА (PHOCA LARGHA) И ЕЕ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА РЕСУРСЫ ТИХООКЕАНСКИХ ЛОСОСЕЙ В УСТЬЕ Р. ОЗЕРНОЙ (ОХОТОМОРСКОЕ ПОБЕРЕЖЬЕ КАМЧАТКИ) В 2017–2018 ГГ.LARGHA SEAL (PHOCA LARGHA) AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PACIFIC SALMON RESOURCES IN THE MOUTH OF OZERNAYA RIVER (THE OKHOTSK SEA COAST OF KAMCHATKA) IN 2017–2018КорневС. И.KornevS. I.Камчатский филиал Всероссийского научно-исследовательского института рыбного хозяйства и океанографии («КамчатНИРО»)Russian Federation2019210520201545873Copyright © Корнев С.И., 20202020Корнев С.И.Kornev S.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://kamniro.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/86

Рассмотрена роль ларги в приустьевой зоне р. Озерной. Проанализированы данные по травмированию лососей различными хищниками, приводится расчет потребления лососей ларгами в приустьевой зоне. Выполнен обзор литературы по проблеме защиты уловов от морских млекопитающих, предлагается разработать адаптированный к условиям дальневосточных морей способ защиты уловов от хищничества ларг.

The effects of largha seal in the estuary zone of the Ozernaya River was evaluated. Data on traumatizing of salmon by different predators were analyzed, consumption of salmon by largha seals in the estuary zone was evaluated. A review on the literature data is provided concerning the problem of protecting the catches from marine mammals; it is suggested to work out a method of protecting the catches from largha seal predation, appropriate for conditions in Russian Far Eastern seas.

ЛАРГАТРАВМИРОВАНИЕ ЛОСОСЕЙПОТЕРИ УЛОВОВЗАЩИТА НЕВОДОВОТПУГИВАЮЩИЕ УСТРОЙСТВАLARGHA SEALTRAUMATIZING OF SALMONCATCH LOSSESPROTECTION OF SEINSREJECTING DEVICESReferencesБугаев В.Ф. 2011. Азиатская нерка-2 (биологическая структура и динамика численности локальных стад в конце ХХ – начале ХХI вв.) Петропавловск- Камчатский: Камчатпресс. 380 с.Bugaev V.F. Asian Sockeye Salmon – 2 (biological structure and abundance dynamics of local stocks in the late XX – early XXI century. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamchatpress, 2011, 380 p. (In Russian)Бугаев В.Ф., Маслов А.В., Дубынин В.А. 2009. Озерновская нерка (биология, численность, промысел). Петропавловск-Камчатский: Камчатпресс. 156 с.Bugaev V.F., Maslov A.V., Dubynin V.A. Sockeye Salmon of the Ozernaya River (Life History. Abundance. Utilization). Petropavlvosk-Kamchatsky: Kamchatpress, 2009, 156 p. (In Russian)Бурканов В.Н. 1986. Распределение и численность ларги у берегов Камчатки в августе 1985 г. / Научно-исследовательские работы по морским млекопитающим северной части Тихого океана в 1984/85 г. М.: ВНИРО. С. 45–51.Burkanov V.N. Raspredeleniye i chislennost largi u beregov Kamchatki v avguste 1985 g. [Distribution and abundance of largha off the coast of Kamchatka in August 1985]. Research work on marine mammals in the North Pacific in 1984–1985. S. 24–37. Moscow, 1986, pp. 45–51.Бурканов В.Н. 1988. Современное состояние ресурсов морских млекопитающих на Камчатке / Рациональное использование биоресурсов Камчатского шельфа. Петропавловск-Камчатский: Дальневост. кн. изд-во, Камч. отд. С. 138–176.Burkanov V.N. Modern state of marine mammals resources on Kamchatka. Rational use of Kamchatka shelf biore-sources. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 1988, pp. 138–176. (In Russian)Бурканов В.Н. 1990. Ларга (Phoca largha) прикамчатских вод и ее влияние на ресурсы лососей // Автореф. дис. … канд. биол. наук. М. 26 с.Burkanov V.N. Larga (Phoca largha) prikamchatskikh vod i eye vliyaniye na resursy lososey. Avtoreferat discertacii kandidata biologicheskih nauk [Larga (Phoca largha Rall.) in Kamchatka Waters and Its Influence on Salmon Resource. Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation]. Moscow, 1990, 26 p.Зорбиди Ж.Х. 2010. Кижуч азиатских стад. Петро- павловск-Камчатский: КамчатНИРО. 306 с.Zorbidi Z.K. Kizhuch aziatskikh stad [Silver salmon of Asian stocks]. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: KamchatNIRO, 2010, 302 p.Корнев С.И. 2018. Ларга (Phoca larha) в устье реки Озерной и ее воздействие на ресурсы лососей в 2017 г. / Сохранение биоразнообразия Камчатки и прилегающих морей. Сб. тез. Петропавловск- Камчатский. С. 227–232.Kornev S.I. Spotted seak (Phoca largha) in the mouth Ozernaya River (South-Eastern Kamchatka) and its influence on the Pacific salmon stock in 2017. Conservation of biodevirsity of Kamchatka and coastal waters. Materials of XIX international scientific conference. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, November 14–15, 2018, pp. 227–232.Корнев С.И., Никулин В.С., Мамаев Е.Г., Белонович О.А. 2012. Основные результаты исследований морских млекопитающих в 1960–2011 гг. // Исслед. водн. биол. ресурсов Камчатки и сев.-зап. части Тихого океана: Сб. науч. тр. КамчатНИРО. Вып. 25. С. 219–240.Kornev S.I., Nikulin V.S., Mamaev E.G., Belonovich O.A. General results of marine mammals research in 1960–2011. The researchers of the aquatic biological resources of Kamchatka and of the north-west part of the Pacific Ocean, 2012. Vol. 25, pp. 219–240. (In Russian with English abstract)Кузнецов Ю.А., Казаков Д.В. 2016. Исследование уловистости ставных неводов с учетом кинематического и ориентационного поведения лососей // Исслед. водн. биол. ресурсов Камчатки и сев.-зап. части Тихого океана. Вып. 43. С. 55–71.Kuznetsov Y.A., Kazakov D.V. Analysis of catchability of fixed nets based on salmon kinematic or orientation behavior. The researchers of the aquatic biological resources of Kamchatka and of the north-west part of the Pacific Ocean, 2016, vol. 43, pp. 55–71. (In Russian with English abstract)Малахов В.Н., Разливалов Е.В. 2003. Сборник материалов по промыслу морских млекопитающих. Магадан: ФГУ Охотскрыбвод. 23 с.Malakhov V.N., Razlivalov E.V. Sbornik materialov po promyslu morskikh mlekopitayushchikh. Collection of materials of marine mammal harvest. Magadan: Okhotskrybvod, 2003, 23 p.Правила рыболовства для Дальневосточного рыбохозяйственного бассейна. Утв. приказом Министерства сельского хозяйства от 23 мая 2019 г. № 267. 137 с.On the Approval of Fishing Rules for the Far Eastern Fisheries Basin. Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia of 23.05.2019 No. 267. Available at: www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_326552/Стус А.И. 2002. Результаты исследования ларги Phoca vitulina stejnegeri (Phocidae) на западном по бережье Камчатки в 2001 г. // Исслед. водн. биол. ресурсов Камчатки и сев.-зап. части Тихого океана: Сб. науч. тр. КамчатНИРО. Вып. 6. С. 281–285.Stus A.I. The results of a study of the Phoca vitulina stejnegeri (Phocidae) cage on the western coast of Kamchatka in 2001. The researchers of the aquatic biological resources of Kamchatka and of the northwest part of the Pacific, 2002. Vol. 6, pp. 281–285. (In Russian)Тиллер И.В. 2017. Биология и динамика численности проходной мальмы Salvelinus Malma (Walbaum) Камчатки. Петропавловск-Камчатский: Камчат- НИРО. 96 с.Tiller I.V. Biologiya i dinamika chislennosti prokhodnoy mal’my Salvelinus Malma (Walbaum) Kamchatki [Biology and dynamics of the number of migratory malma Salvelinus Malma (Walbaum) Kamchatka]. Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky: KamchatNIRO, 2017, 96 p.Трухин А.М. 2005. Ларга. Владивосток: Дальнаука. 246 с.Trukhin A.M. Larga [Spotted Seal]. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2005, 246 p.Федеральный закон «Об охране окружающей среды» от 10.01.2002 № 7-ФЗ (последняя редакция). [Электронный источник] / www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_34823 (дата обращения 24.10.2019).About environmental protection. Federal Law of 10.01.2002, No. 7 (Edited on 29.07.2018). Available at: www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_326552/Федеральный закон «О рыболовстве и сохранении водных биологических ресурсов» от 20.12.2004 № 166-ФЗ (последняя редакция). [Электронный источник] / www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_50799/ (дата обращения 24.10.2019).On Fishing and Preservation of Aquatic Biological. Federal Law of 20.12.2004, No. 166 (Edited on 06.03.2019). Available at: www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_50799/Федеральный закон «О животном мире» от 24.04.1995 № 52-ФЗ (последняя редакция) [Электронный источник] / www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_6542/ (дата обращения 24.10.2019).About Animal World. Federal Law of 24.04.1995, No. 52 (Edited on 03.08.2018). Available at: www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_6542/ Chernook V.I., Grachev A.I., Vasiliev A.N., TrukhanovaЧерноок В.И., Грачев А.И., Васильев А.Н., Труханова И.С., Бурканов В.Н., Соловьев Б.А. 2014. Результаты инструментального авиаучета ледовых форм тюленей на льдах Охотского моря в мае 2013 г. // Изв. ТИНРО. Т. 179. С. 158–176.I.S., Burkanov V.N., Solovyev B.A. Results of instrumental aerial survey of ice-associated seals on the ice in the Okhotsk Sea in May 2013. Izvestiya TINRO, 2014, vol. 179, pp. 158–176. (In Russian with English abstract)Чугунков Д.И. 1970. Наблюдения за пятнистым тюленем уткинского лежбища // Изв. ТИНРО. Т. 70. С. 154–168.Chugunkov D.I. Nablyudeniya za pyatnistym tyulenem utkinskogo lezhbishcha [Observations of the spotted seal of the Utkin rookery]. Izvestiya TINRO, 2014, Vol. 70, pp. 154–168. (In Russian)Шевляков Е.А., Золотухин С.Ф., Бугаев А.В.,. Винников А.В., Шевляков В.А., Травин С.А. 2006. Определитель основных источников травмирования тихоокеанских лососей. М.: ВНИРО. 79 с.Shevlyakov E.A., Zolotukhin S.F., Bugaev A.V., Vinnikov A.V., Shevlyakov V.A., Travin S.A. Opredelitel osnovnykh istochnikov travmirovaniya tikhookeanskikh lososei [Identification Keys of Major Sources of Traumatization of Pacific Salmons]. Moscow: VNIRO, 2006, 79 p.Anderson S.S., Hawkins A.D. 1978. Scaring seals by sound // Mammal Review, 8 (1–2), 19–24.Anderson S.S., Hawkins A.D. Scaring seals by sound. Mammal Review, 1978, 8 (1–2), 19–24.Plastic killer whales aid fisherman. 2001. BBC News. 26 June 2001. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1408701.stmPlastic killer whales aid fisherman. BBC News. 26 June 2001. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1408701.stmFedoseev G.A. 2000. Population biology of ice-associated forms of seals and their role in the Northern Pacific ecosystems. M.: Center for Russian Environmental Policy, UMK “Psikhologya”. 271 p.Fedoseev G.A. Population biology of ice-associated forms of seals and their role in the Northern Pacific ecosystems. M.: Center for Russian Environmental Policy, 2000, UMK “Psikhologya”. 271 p.Fjälling A., Wahlberg M., Westerberg H. 2006. Acoustic harassment devices reduce seal interaction in the Baltic salmon-trap, net fishery // ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63, 1751–1758.Fjälling A., Wahlberg M., Westerberg H. Acoustic harassment devices reduce seal interaction in the Baltic salmon-trap, net fishery. CES Journal of Marine Science, 2006. 63, 1751–1758.Forrest K.W., Cave J.D., Michielsen, C.G.J., Haulena M., Smith D.V. 2009. Evaluation of an Electric Gradient to Deter Seal Predation on Salmon Caught in Gill-Net Test Fisheries. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 29 (4), 885–894.Forrest K.W., Cave J.D., Michielsen, C.G.J., Haulena M., Smith D.V. Evaluation of an Electric Gradient to Deter Seal Predation on Salmon Caught in Gill-Net Test Fisheries. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 2009, 29 (4), 885–894.Jefferson T.A., Curry B.E. 1996. Acoustic methods of reducing or eliminating marine mammal – fishery interactions: do they work? // Ocean Coast Manag., 31, 41–70.Jefferson T.A., Curry B.E. Acoustic methods of reducing or eliminating marine mammal – fishery interactions: do they work? Ocean Coast Manag., 1996, 31, 41–70.Johnston D.W., Woodley T.H. 1998. A survey of acoustic harassment device (AHD) use in the Bay of Fundy, NB, Canada // Aquatic Mammals, 24 (1), 51–61.Johnston D.W., Woodley T.H. A survey of acoustic harassment device (AHD) use in the Bay of Fundy, NB, Canada. Aquatic Mammals, 1998, 24 (1), 51–61.Lehtonen E., Suuronen P. 2010. Mitigation of seal-induced damage in salmon and whitefish trapnet fisheries by modification of the fish bag. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 61 (7), 1195–1200.Lehtonen E., Suuronen P. Mitigation of seal-induced damage in salmon and whitefish trapnet fisheries by modification of the fish bag. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 2004, 61 (7), 1195–1200.Lewis J.A. 1990. Effects of Underwater Sound on Marine Fish and Mammals. Unpublished Report. 25 р.Lewis J.A. Effects of Underwater Sound on Marine Fish and Mammals. Unpublished Report, 1990, 25 р.Lunneryd S.-G., Fjälling A., Westerberg H. 2003. A large-mesh salmon trap: a way to mitigate seal impact on a coastal fishery // ICES Journal of Marine Science, 60, 1194–1199.Lunneryd S.-G., Fjälling A., Westerberg H. A largemesh salmon trap: a way to mitigate seal impact on a coastal fishery. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2003, 60, 1194–1199.Olesiuk P.F., Nichol L.M., Sowden M.J., Ford J.K.B. 2002. Effect of the sound generated by an acoustic harassment device on the relative abundance and distribution of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in retreat passage, British Columbia // Marine Mammal Science, 18 (4), 843–862.Olesiuk P.F., Nichol L.M., Sowden M.J., Ford J.K.B. Effect of the sound generated by an acoustic harassment device on the relative abundance and distribution of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in retreat passage, British Columbia. Marine Mammal Science, 2002, 18 (4), 843–862.Quick N.J., Middlemas S.J., Armstrong J.D. 2004. A survey of antipredator controls at marine salmon farms in Scotland // Aquaculture, 230 (1–4), 169–180.Quick N.J., Middlemas S.J., Armstrong J.D. A survey of antipredator controls at marine salmon farms in Scotland. Aquaculture, 2004, 230 (1–4), 169–180.Sand H., Westerberg H. 1998. Försök med begränsad jakt på gråsäl som metod att minska skador på fasta redskap (Trials of a limited cull of grey seals as a means of decreasing damage to static fishing gear). www.fiskeriverket.se.Sand H., Westerberg H. Försök med begränsad jakt på gråsäl som metod att minska skador på fasta redskap. (Trials of a limited cull of grey seals as a means of decreasing damage to static fishing gear). 1998. Available at: www.fiskeriverket.seSepulveda M., Oliva D. 2005. Interactions between South American sea lions Otaria flavescens (Shaw) and salmon farms in Southern Chile // Aquaculture Research, 36 (11), 1062–1068.Sepulveda M., Oliva D. Interactions between South American sea lions Otaria flavescens (Shaw) and salmon farms in Southern Chile. Aquaculture Research, 2005, 36 (11), 1062–1068.Solovyeva M., Glazov D., Kuznetsova D., Rozhnov V., Boveng P., Burkanov V. 2019. New Data on the Use of Waters of the Okhotsk Sea and Pacific Ocean by Spotted Seal // Alaska Marine Science Symposium. January 28 –Solovyeva M., Glazov D., Kuznetsova D., Rozhnov V., Boveng P., Burkanov V. New Data on the Use of Waters of the Okhotsk Sea and Pacific Ocean by Spotted Seal. Alaska Marine Science Symposium, 2019. January 28 –February 1, 2019, Anchorage, Alaska. Р. 343.February 1, 2019, Anchorage, Alaska. Р. 343.Suuronen P., Siira A., Kauppinen T., Riikonen R., Lehtonen E., Harjunpää H. Reduction of seal-induced catch and gear damage by modification of trap-net design: Design principles for a seal-safe trap-net. Fisheries Research, 2006. Vol. 79, issues 1–2. P. 129–138.Suuronen P., Siira A., Kauppinen T., Riikonen R., Lehtonen E., Harjunpää H. 2006. Reduction of seal-induced catch and gear damage by modification of trapnet design: Design principles for a seal-safe trap-net // Fisheries Research. Vol. 79, issues 1–2. P. 129–138.Westerberg H. Potential solutions to the Seals Fisheries Conflicts / Manuscript completed in October 2010.Westerberg H. 2010. Potential solutions to the Seals Fisheries Conflicts / Manuscript completed in October 2010. Brussels, ©European Parliament, 2010. Swedish Board of Fisheries. 44 p. www.europarl.europa.eu/studies.Brussels, ©European Parliament, 2010. Swedish Board of Fisheries. 44 p. www.europarl.europa.eu/studies.Westerberg H., Lunneryd S.-G., Fjälling A. 2006. Reconciling fisheries activities with the conservation of seals throughout the development of new fishing gear: a case study from the Baltic fishery–gray seal conflict // American Fisheries Society Symposium, 2006. P. 587–597.Westerberg H., Lunneryd S.-G., Fjälling A. Reconciling fisheries activities with the conservation of seals throughout the development of new fishing gear: a case study from the Baltic fishery–gray seal conflict. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 2006. P. 587–597.Wright B., Jeffries S., Brown R., Stansell R., Hatch D., Norberg B. 2007. Field report – non-lethal pinniped deterrent activities at Bonneville dam, spring 2006. www.nwr.noaa.gov/Marine-Mammals/Seals-and-SeaLions/upload/Bonneville_Pinn_Rpt_06.pdf (accessed May 7, 2007).Wright B., Jeffries S., Brown R., Stansell R., Hatch D., Norberg B. Field report – non-lethal pinniped deterrent activities at Bonneville dam, spring 2006. www.nwr.noaa.gov/Marine-Mammals/Seals-and-SeaLions/upload/Bonneville_Pinn_Rpt_06.pdf (accessed May 7, 2007).Yurk H., Trites A.W. 2000. Experimental attempts to reduce predation by harbour seals on out-migrating juvenile salmonids // Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 129, 1360–1366.Yurk H., Trites A.W. Experimental attempts to reduce predation by harbour seals on out-migrating juvenile salmonids.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 2000, 129, 1360–1366.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.